Afterword

NO MORE FITRING TRIBUTE TO THE WARSAW RESEARCHERS

can be given than that by Dr. Milejkowski, written in

October, 1942:

And you, Jewish physicians, you deserve some words of recognition.

What can I say to you, my companions in misfortune, my dear colleagues? You, too, were part of the whole. You, too, were menaced by forced labor, starvation, deportation, by all the forms of death that stalked our Ghetto. And you-you gave the murderers a bold answer with your work"Non omnis moriar!"

N otes

ABBREVIATIONS

BB-The Black Book: The Nazi Crime against the Jewish People, New York, 1946.

BBPJ-The Black Book of Polish Jewty, Jacob Apenszlak (ed.), New York, 1943.

BFC-Bleter far Geshichte, Warsaw publication of the Historical Institute in Poland.

DY--Shpizman, Leib: Di Yidn in Nazi-Poilen, New York, 1942

MF-Maladie de Famine; Warsaw, 1946.

INTRODUCTION

i. Mitscherlich, Alexander and Mielke, Fred, Doctors of Infamy: The Story of the Nazi Medical Crimes (New York, 1949), p. 66.

CHAPTER 1

i. Stroop, jiirgen, Report on the Uprising in the Jewish Residential District and its Liquidation (Warsaw, 1958), p. 18.

2. Shoshkes, Henry, No Traveler Returns (New York, 1945), P. 28.

3. Sloan, Jacob (ed.), Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto: The journal

of Emanuel Ringelblum (New York, 1958), pp. 348-359.

4- Stroop, op. cit., p. io2.

5- Ibid., p. 116.
98

6. Hilberg, Raul, The Destruction of the European Jews (Chicago,

ig6i), p. 121.

7. Sloan, OP- cit-, P- 97ffi

8. Im Feuer Vergangen: Tagebilcher aus dem Ghetto (Berlin,

1959), P- 381.

g. Nirenstein, Albert, A Tower from the Enemy (New York,

1959), P. 4

io. Friedman, Philip (ed.), Martyrs and Fighters: The Epic of the Warsaw Ghetto (New York, 1954), P. 112.

nM USES OF ADVERSITY

CHAPTER 2

I. DY, p. 230BBPJ, p. 18o.

3. "Economic Sector of Jewish Residential District in Warsaw, Order of April 19, 1941," BFG, xii (ig5g), p. 65.

4. Shoshkes, op. cit-, P- 31

5. DY, p. 281.

6. BBPJ, p. 1737. Hirszfeld, Ludwik, Historia jednego iycia (Warsaw, 1957), P232

8. DY, p. 242.

9. Trunk, Isaiah, "Epidemics and Mortality in the Warsaw Ghetto, 1939-1942," YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Science (New York, 1953), vol. 8, 94.

io. Babitz, Benjamin, "Notes from the Ghetto, Prison, and Fields," BFG, x (1957), P- 155I I. DY, p. 23411:. DY, p. 23713. Trunk, OP- Cit-, P- 9514. BBPJ, P- 43

15. BBPJ, p. 221.

16. Berg, Mary, Warsaw Ghetto: A Diary (New York, 1945), P- 53

17. Ibid., p. 59.

18. Ibid., p. 6o.

ig. DY, p. 272

2o. Berg, op. cit., p. 86, p. 88.

21. C~oldstein, Bernard, The Stars Bear Witness (New York, 1949), P. 90.

25,. BBPJ, p. 22723. Nirenstein, op. cit-, P- 5

24- Berg, op. cit., P. go.

25. BBPJ, P- 25

26 . Likwidacja Zydowskiej Warszawy," Biuletyn iydowskiego His torycznego (Warsaw, 1951), #1, 116.

27. Hirszfeld, op. cit., p. 23228. Ibid., f~l 301 * 29. Ringe um, Emanuel, "Fun di Letzten Notizen," BFG, xi (1958),20

NOTES

99

3o. Trunk, op. cit., p. 121.

31- BB, P- 22532. BBP PP- 44,51

33. Im 7eluer . - - , P- 402.

34. Friedman, op. cit., p. 61. 35. Sloan, op. ctt., p. 53.

36. Turkow, Jonas, Azoy iz es Geven (Buenos Aires, 1948), p. 12337- Im Feuer . . . , p. 372

38. Friedman, op. ctt.,

39- Mazor, Michel, La P~it9do'Engloutie (Paris, 1955), P- 120

40- Turkow, op. cit., p. 116.

41- Im Feuer. . - , P- 37442. Turkow, op. cit., p. 12543- Berg, op. cit-, P- 3244. Trunk, OP- Cit-, P- 95

45- Mazor, op. cit., p. 66.

46. Sloan, op. cit., p. 125.

47. Turkow,, op. cit., p. 124

48. Gazeta Zydowska, #1,95, Dec. 17, 1941; order of Dr. Lauxmann, Postmaster-General of the Government-General.

49- Sloan, op. cit., pp. 140, 21450- Ibid., p. 187

51. Berg, op. cit., p. 61.

I. Goldstein, op. cit., p. 75. 2. Ibid., P- 76.

3. Berg, OP- cit-, P. 40.

4. Sloan, op. cit., p. i i I.

5. Bernshtein, T., "Vegn di mishe Eksploitatsie fun p. 58.

6. Turkow, op. cit., p. 128.

7. Coldstein, OP- cit-, P- 78.

8. Hirszfeld, OP- cit-, P- 240.

g. Sloan, op. cit., p. IL21.

io. Mazor, op. cit., p. 154I I. Sloan, op. cit., p. 149

12. Ibid., P. 1 28. x3. Ibid., p. 27914- Im Feuer . p. 38415- MF, p. ii.

26. 17

CHAPTER 3

Hitleristishe Metoden fun der Ekono

Varshever Ghetto," BFG xii (1959),

Berg, OP- cit-, P. 72Hochberg-Marianska, Maria (ed.), Dzieci Osharzdja (Krakow,

1947) P- 5

18. Hirszfeld, op. cit., p. 342.

ig. Turkow, op. cit., p. 127
100

THE USES OF ADVERSITY

CHAPTER 4

i. Sloan, OP- Cit-, P- 2942. BBPJ, P- 39

3. Fenigstein, Henri, Varshever Yidish Shpital besn di Nazi

Rezhim (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1948), p. 6.

4. Hertz, J. S. (ed), Zygelboim Buch (New York, 1947), P- 141

5. Sloan, op. ctt., p. 8o.

6. Fenigstein, op. cit., p. 8; Slcoan, op. cit., p. 113; Trunk, Isaiah, "Melchomo kegn Yidn durch Farshpreitn Krankheit," YIVO Bleter (New York, 1953), VOI- 37, P- 113

7. Goldstein, op. cit., p. 658. Reitlinger, Gerald, The Final Solution (London, 1953), P- 59g. Poliakov, Leon, Harvest of Hate (Syracuse, 1954), P- 92

io. DY, p. 282.

i i. Ringelblum, op. cit., p. i i.

12. Trunk, "Epidemics . . . " op. cit., p. ioi.

13. Friedman, op. cit., p. 14514. BBPJ, p. 123ff

15. Fenigstein, op. cit., p. 12; Silberschein, A., Die juden Ausrot

tung in Polen (Geneva, 1944), P- 18

16. Seidman, Hillel, Togbuch fun Varshever Ghetto (Buenos Aires, 1947), P- iiR; Ringelblum, OP- Cit-, P- 7

17. Hirszfeld, op. cit., p. 33718. Nirenstein, op. cit-, P- 97; Shoshkes, op. cit., p. 152

ig. Fenigstein, op. cit., pp. 12, 15.

2o. Hirszfeld, OP- cit-, P- 337

21. Bielitzki, L., "Vegn der 'Aktsie' in Varshever Yidisher Shpital

dem 18 January, 1943," BFG, i (1948), 211; Turkow, op. cit., P. 462 Blumenthal, N., "Action," Yad Washem Studies on the European Jewish Catastrophe and Resistance (Jerusalem, ig6o), IV, 7o; Glos Warszawy, *6, Jan. 26, 1943

22. Mark, Ber, Der Oifshtand in Varshever Ghetto (Warsaw, 1955), p. 258.

23. DY, p. 3L75

24. BBPJ, p. 21.

25- Dy - 63

26. Slo~n~ OP. cit., P. 19.

27- Ibid., p. 197

28. Berg, op. cit., p. 132.

CHAPTER

5

i. MF, p. 6.

2. MF, p. 9 ff.

3. Hirszfeld, op. cit., p. 2554- MF, p. 17

5. Personal communication from Dr. Witold Orlowski.

NOITS

i. MF, p. 81.

2. MF, p. 83.

s. MF, pp. 84-88.

4- MF, p. 89.

5. MF, pp. 259-2646. MF, p. i i i.

7. MF, pp. 173-187

8. MF, pp. 18g-225

9- MFI PP- 227-258.

io. MFI P- 107ii. MF, p. 13112. MF PP- 115-13013. MF: PP- 146-15314- MF, p. 136.

15- MFI PP- IL37-14416. MF, pp. 145-46.

17- MF p. i5q. 18. MF: P. 91.

ig. MF, PP- 33-77

2o. MF, P- 76.

CHAPTER 6

CHAPTER 7

i. Hirszfeld, op. cit., p. 116.

2. lbt , .396.

3Ib ~ p

- Id.p P. 249.

4. Fenigstein, of?. cit., p. 6.

5. Turkow, OP. cit., P. 5056. Turkow, Jonas: In Kamf farn Lebn (Buenos Aires, 1949), P237

7. Goldstein, op. cit., p. 156.

8. Turkow, Azoy .... p. 32.

9. Niger, S. (ed.), Kiddush ha-Shem (New York, 1948), p. 112.

io. Personal communication from Dr. H. Fenigstein. i i. Personal communication from Dr. T. Coliborska. 12. Hirszfeld, Op. Cit., P. 211. 13- Ibid., p. 37314- Shoshkes, op. cit., p. 55. 15Mark, op. cit-, P- 43

16. Ringelblum, Emanual:

1959'? 'p. Cit-, P- 2()7

17. Hirsz id[2,oo

18. "Anketen," BFG, i, 1948, pp. 18g-i93.

ig. Mark, Op. Cit., P. 202.

2o. Fenigstein, op. cit-, P- 421. Hirszfeld, op. cit., p. 34022. Stabholz, Tadeusz: Siedem Piehiel (Stuttgart, 1947), P- 17

"Futi di Letzten Notizen," BFG, xii,
102

23. Hirszfeld, op. cit., p. 339. 24- Seidman, op. Cit., P. 12. 25. Turkow, In Kamf .... P. 237

CHAPTER 8

TIM USES OF ADVERSITY

Keys, Ancel, et al., The Biology of Human Starvation (Minneapolis, ig5o), p. ig ff.

2. Helweg-Larsen, Per, et al., "Famine Disease in German Concen

tration Camps and Sequelae," Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica

Scandinavica, Supplement 83, Copenhagen, 1952.

3. Keys, op. cit., p. i2q.

4- Ibid., p. 63.

5. Ibid., p. 1239 ff

6. Ibid., P. 22.

7- Ibid., p. 186.

8. Helweg-Larsen, OP- Cit-, P- 77

g. Gillman, Joseph, and Gillman,

Human Malnutrition (New York, 1951), P- 334Ibid., P- 456.

Helweg-Larsen, Op. Cit., P. 282.

Theodore, Perspectivei in

10.

ii.

12. Wohl, Michael G., and Goodhart, Robert S. (eds.), Modern Nutrition in Health and Digease (Philadelphia, ig6o), P- 87513. 'e s OP- cit-, P- 317

N

14- lb~d., p. 616.

15- Ibid., p. 562.

16. Helweg-Larsen, op: cit-, P- 207

17. Keys, op. cit., p. xix.

18. Hoelzel, Frederick: "Letter to the Editor," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 3, Nov., 1955, 513-515

ig. Xey" op. cit., p. 196.

20. Ib id., p. 226.

21. Ibid., P- 78522. Kleiber, Max, The Fire of Life (New York, ig6i), P. 247

23. Keys, op. cit., p. 338.

24- Ibid., P- 576 ff.

25. Gillman, op. cit., p. 392.

26. Wohl, op. cit., p. 883

Bibliography

BOOKS

Apenszlak, Jacob (ed.). The Black Book of Polish jewry. New York, 1943.

Apfelbaum, Emil (ed.). Maladie de Famine. Warsaw, 1946.

Berg, Mary. Warsaw Ghetto: a Diary. New York, 1946.

Fenigstein, Henri. Varshever Yidish Shpital besn di Nazi

Rezhim. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1948.

Fichez, L. F., and Klotz, A. La Senescence Prgmature et ses Traitements. Vienna, ig6i.

Friedman, Philip (ed.)."Martyrs and Fighters: The Epic of

the Warsaw Ghetto. New York, 1954.

Gillman, Joseph, and Gillman, Theodore. Perspectives in

Human Malnutrition. New York, 1951.

Goldstein, Bernard. The Stars Bear Witness. New York, 1949.

Hertz, Jacob (ed.). Zygelboim Buch. New York, 1947.

Hilberg, Raul. The Destruction of the European Jews. Chi

cago, 196 1.

Hirszfeld, Ludwik. Historia Jednego ~kycia. Warsaw, 1957.

Hochberg-Marianska, Maria (ed.). Dzieci Oskarzdia. Krakow, 1947

Kermisz, Joseph (ed.). Dokumenty i Materialy do dziei6w Okupacii Niemieckiei w Polsce, Vol. II, "Akcie" i "Wysiedlenia." Warsaw, 1946.
104

nM USES OF ADVERSNY

Keys, Ancel, et al. The Biology of Human Starvation. Minne-' apolis, ig5o.

Kleiber, Max. The Fire of Life. New York, ig6i.

Mark, Ber. Der Oifshtand in Varshever Ghetto. Warsaw, x955.

Mazor, Michel. La Citi Engloutie. Paris, 1955.

Mitscherlich, Alexander, and Mielke, Fred. Doctors of Infamy:

The Story of the Nazi Medical Crimes. New York, 1949

Neustadt, Meledi. Hurbn un Oifshtand. Tel Aviv, 1948.

Niger, S. (ed.). Kiddush Ha-Shem. New York, 1948.

Nirenstein, Albert. A Tower from the Enemy. New York,

1959

Poliakov, Leon. Harvest of Hate. Syracuse, 1954.

Reitlinger, Gerald. The Final Solution. London, 1953.

Seidman, Hillel. Togbuch fun Varshever Ghetto. Buenos Aires,

1947

Shoshkes, Henry. No Traveler Returns. New York, 1945.

Shpizman, Leib. Di Yidn in Nazi-Poiln. New York, 1942.

Silberschein, A. (ed.). Die Judenausrottung in Polen. Geneva,

1944

Sloan, Jacob (ed.). Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto: The

journal of Emanuel Ringelblum. New York, 1958.

Stabholz, Tadeusz. Siedem Piekiel, Stuttgart, 1947,

Stempelberg, Herman (ed.). Mqczetistwo, Walka, Zagiada

,4ydciw w Polsce. Warsaw, ig6o.

Stroop, jiirgen. Report on the Uprising in the Jewish Resi

dential District and its Liquidation. Warsaw, 1958.

Szner, Zvi (ed.). Extermination and Resistance: Historical

Records and Source Material. Vol. I, Haifa, 1958.

Turkow, Jonas. Azoy iz es Geven. Buenos Aires, 1948.

Turkow, Jonas. In Kamf farn Lebn. Buenos Aires, 1949.

Wohl, Michael G., and Goodhart, Robert S. (eds.). Modern

Nutrition in Health and Disease. Philadelphia, ig6o.

The Black Book: The Nazi Crime against the Jewish People

(no editor). New York, 1946.

Im Feuer Vergangen: Tagebiioher aus dem Ghetto (no editor).

Berlin, 1959

BIBLIOGRAPHY

105

PERIODICALS

American journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. iii, #6, 513

Bleter far Geshichte. Publication of the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw.

Babitz Benjamin, "Notizen fun Ghetto, Lager, un Felder,"

vOl- x (1957), 155

Bernshtein, T., 'Tegn di Hitleristishe Metoden fun der

Eksploitatsie fun Varshever Ghetto," vol. xii (1959), 58.

Bieletzki, L., "Vegn der 'Aktsie' in Varshever Yidish

Sbpital dem 18 januar 1943," vOl. i (1948), 2 11.

Document (German), "Economic Sector of Jewish Residential District of Warsaw, Order of April ig, 1941," vOl xii (1959), 65.

Ringelblum, Emanuel, "Fun di Letzten Notizen," vol. xi

(1958),20

Hplweg-Larsen, Per, et al. "Famine Disease in Gerxnan Con

centration Camps and Sequelae," Acta Psychiatra et Neurologica Scandinavica.

"Likwidacja Zydowskiej Warszawy," Biuletyn iydowskiego

Instytutu Historycznego, #I (ig5i), 116.

Yad Washem Studies on the European Jewish Catastrophe

and Resistance, vol. iv, Jerusalem, ig6o.

YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Science, New York, Trunk, Isaiah: "Epidemics and Mortality in the Warsaw Ghetto," vOl. viii, 1953, P- 94

YIVO Bleter: publication of YIVO Institute of Jewish Re

search, Trunk, Isaiah: "Melchomo kegn Yidn durch Farsh

preitn Krankheit," vOl. 37, 1953, P- 113.

NEWSPAPERS

Gazeta iydowska, #125, December 17, 1941 (official German publication, printed in Polish, for Jews).

Gios Warszawy, #6, January 26, 1943 (organ of the Polish underground).
io6

THE USES OF ADVERSrrY

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS (letters, questionnaires, interviews)

Doctors Witold Orlowski, Henri Fenigstein, Z. Askanas, T. Goliborska, Roman Kocen, Chaim Einhom, Israel Rom, Leo Heller, T. Stabholz, Leon Wulman, Marek Wirecki, D. Krysiek, K. Zakrzewski.

Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Pozarik (accountant and nurse at the Czysta Hospital).

Mrs. Rose Odess (administrator), Mrs. K. Svedosh (nurse).

Mr. Isaac Zuckerman and Mr. Jonas Turkow (active leaders in Ghetto movements).

Index

Acidosis, 67 Allergy, 61, 68 Amyloidosis, 70 Amzel, Dr. Roza, 73 Apathy, 56 Apfelbaum, Dr. Emil, 48, 74 Askanas, Dr. ZdzisIaw, 74 Asthma, 55, 61 Auditory apparatus, 54 Autopsies, 68, 92 Avitaminoses, 53, 59, 67, 93

Beggars, 28 Bielenki, Dr. Owsiej, 74 Blacher, Dr. Leon, 75 Blood, 59, 63, 93 Blood pressure, 55, 59, 62 Bone changes, 58, 70 Brain, 69 Braude-Heller, Dr. Anna, 75

Carbohydrate metabolism, 65 Caritas, 3o Cataracts, 53 Charity organizations, 20, 29, 30 Chickenpox, 61 Children, 36, 56 Circulation, 55, 59, 62, 93, 95 Contractures, 58 Creatine, 62

Diabetes, 65 Diarrhea, 51, 6o, 69 Doctors, 44, 46 Dysentery, 69

Edema, 51, 57, 66, 92 Einhom, Dr. Chaim, 76 Elbinger, Dr. Regina, 77 Electrocardiograms, 63 Endocrines, 55 Eyes, 53

Fajgenblat, Dr. Simon, 53, 77 Fejginowna, Dr. Bronislawa, 46 Fenigstein, Dr. Henryk, 78 Ferszt, Fajga, 79 Fliederbaum, Dr. Julian, 48, 79 Food: availability, 25 parcels, 3o prices, 23-25 rations, 22 recipes, 25-26 soup kitchens, 3o

Ghetto: cultural life, 82 economic life, ig extent, 17 liquidation, 18
1 1-11 I'~-1-1-11~,~--l.l.--, -~l-.- - 11 1 I,- 1.11-~--, -, "I .., 11 ~l, - . ", , , " ". , ''., - -~ I ~ ~ I . 11 ,~, ~~ 11 -11~,~, I I ~ ~ll I - ". 1 1.111,11, I, 1.11-17.1-1.1-~ 1

Goldflam, Dr. Samuel, 46 Goliborska, Dr. Theodosia, 79

Hair, 55 Heart, 55, 59, 62, 63, 69, 93 Heller, Dr. Ari, go Herzenkruk, Jerry, Bo Hinzfeld, Dr. Ludwik, g5, 27, 36, 46 Hospital, 38 de rtations, 42 liq idation, 43, 44

T

location, 39 starvation in, 40

Infectious diseases, 2o, 6o

judenrat, 17, 29, 48, 81

Khappers, 29 Kocen, Dr. Mieczyslaw, 46, 8o

Lungs, 54, 59, 69, 94

Marmalade order, x6 Measles, 61 Mental changes, 51, 56 Metabolism, 94 basal, 65 carbohydrate, 65 nitrogen, 67 Milejkowski, Dr. Israel, 47, 81, 96 Muscles, 52, 58

INDEX

Neuritis, 6o

Orlowski, Dr. Witold, 49

Pakswer, Dr. Ryszard, 83 Parathyroid, 55 Parotia, 58, 93 Plonskier, Dr. Moryc, 83 Prognosis, 61 Pulse, 55, 59, 93

Raszkes, Dr. Boleslaw, 52, 84 P,ations, 22, 23 Research, 47 data, 49 material, 89 norms, 50 organization, 48 purpose, 47, 50 techniques, 92 Ringelblum, Dr. Emanuel, 34 Rotbalsam, Dr. Israel, 84

Rubinsztajn, 29

Senescence, 56 Skin, 52, 57 Smu*.gling, 32-37 children, 36 penalties, 34 social function, 35 techniques, 33 Starvation: allergy in, 61 basal metabolism in, 65 blood in, 59, 64, 93 bones in, 58, 70 carbohydrate metabolism in, 65 circulation in, 62 ears in, 54 edema, 51, 57, 66, 92 eye- -~, 53 fe"er in, 52, 57 heart In. 55 in adults, 5iff. in children, 56ff. in hospital, 40 lungs n, 54, 59, 69, 94 mental changes in, 56 mortality, 27 muscles in, 58 nitrogen metabolism in, 67 progr'osis,,",;'57 kin in, teeth in, 54 tongue in, 54 voice in, 54 weakness, 52 weight in, 51, 56 Stein, Dr. Joseph, 4o, 84 Szainman, Dr. Michael, 85 Szeinman, Dr. Mieczyslaw, 46,85 Szejnfinkiel, Dr. Suzanne, 85

Teeth, 54 Thyroid, 55 Tongue, 54 Totorol, 3o Tu erculosis, 2o, 6o, 68

Ulcers, 64 Urine, 5 1, 6o, 64

Vitamins, 53, 59, 67, 93 Voice, 54

Wohl, Dr. Ichaskil, 86

Zarchi, japina, 86

Zweibaum, Dr. Kazinierz. 86